均腐土不同亚纲典型土系土壤细菌群落多样性研究

为研究中国土壤系统分类(CST)体系下均腐土不同亚纲土壤细菌群落结构的多样性，以 4个干润均腐土[富牧西系(DFm)、春雷南系(DCl)、保国系(DBg)、明水系(DMs)]和 4个湿润均腐土[大西江系(MDx)、新发北系(MXf)、卫星农场系(MWx)、裴德系(MPd)]的腐殖质层(Ah层)为研究对象，采用高通量测序技术研究细菌群落多样性，分析细菌群落结构与环境因子间的关系，以探讨影响均腐土不同亚纲群落结构的主要环境因子。结果表明:均腐土 8个土系样品共获得 1 674 634条基因序列，Shannon指数和 Chao1指数表现为:干润均腐土 >湿润均腐土。均腐土 8个土系细菌群落主要包括 10个门类，其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)为富牧西系、春雷南系、保国系、大西江系、新发北系、卫星农场系、裴德系优势菌门，明水系以绿湾菌门(Chloroflexi)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为优势菌门；属水平上，均腐土各土系的群落差异较大。样品热图分析将 8个土系细菌群落聚为 2类，其中干润均腐土聚为一类，湿润均腐土聚为一类。pH、交换性 Ca、CEC、交换性 Mg、SOC和 TP是影响均腐土细菌群落结构发生变化的主要因子( P<0.05)。此外，RDA分析发现，土壤 pH为影响均腐土细菌群落结构的主导因子，而 pH、交换性 Ca、CEC为驱动干润均腐土细菌群落结构发生变化的主要影响因素，交换性 Mg、SOC、TP为驱动湿润均腐土细菌群落发生变化的主要影响因素。     

Temporal and spatial progress of the diseases caused by the crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus and the begomovirus tomato severe rugose virus in tomatoes in Brazil

Efficient management of whitefly-borne diseases remains a challenge due to the lack of a comprehensive understanding of their epidemiology, particularly of the diseases tomato golden mosaic and tomato yellowing. Here, by monitoring 16 plots in four commercial fields, the temporal and spatial distribution of these two diseases were studied in tomato fields in Brazil. In the experimental plots these diseases were caused by tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), respectively. The incidence of each virus was similar in the plots within a field but varied greatly among fields. Plants with symptoms for both diseases were randomly distributed in three of four spatial analyses. The curves representing the progress of both diseases were similar and contained small fluctuations, indicating that the spread of both viruses was similar under field conditions. In transmission experiments of ToSRV and ToCV by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (former biotype B), these viruses had a similar transmission rate in single or mixed infections. It was then shown that primary and secondary spread of ToCV were not efficiently controlled by insecticide applications. Finally, in a typical monomolecular model of disease progress, simulation of the primary dissemination of ToSRV and ToCV showed that infected plants were predominantly randomly distributed. It is concluded that, although the manner of vector transmission differs between ToSRV (persistent) and ToCV (semipersistent), the main dispersal mechanisms are most probably similar for these two diseases: primary spread is the predominant mechanism, and epidemics of these diseases have been caused by several influxes of viruliferous whiteflies.     

Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity

To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.     

牦牛源正呼肠孤病毒2型的检测和分离鉴定

旨在调查川西北牦牛哺乳动物正呼肠孤病毒（MRV）的感染情况并分离病毒。采用RT-PCR方法，对采自川西北15个牧场的72份牦牛腹泻粪便样本和其中5个牧场的15份腹泻牦牛血清样本进行MRV检测，阳性样本进一步用分型PCR确定其血清型。结果显示，粪便样本中MRV检出率为20.83%（15/72），血清2型的比例为60%（9/15）；血清样本中MRV检出率为40%（6/15），血清2型的比例为83.33%（5/6）；未检测到其他血清型。成功地从腹泻粪便中分离到1株MRV血清2型毒株（TCID₅₀为4×10^-8.56·mL^-1），并获得长度为23 587 bp的分离株全基因组，该分离株与中国猪源毒株的遗传关系最近；与GenBank中所有的MRV S1基因相比，该分离株有4个独特的氨基酸突变。本研究从牦牛中检测到MRV，并分离到1株牛源MRV血清2型毒株，为进一步研究MRV血清2型生物学特性奠定了基础。     

土壤不同形态碳氮含量和酶活性对培养时间及外源碳投入的响应

在绿色农业科技的推动下,有机物料资源化利用备受青睐,但有机物料种类不同对土壤肥力的提升效果不同,为探究有机物料施用对潮土不同形态碳氮含量及酶活性的动态影响,通过为期1年的培养试验,设置添加10 g/kg的秸秆菌渣(S)、树枝菌渣(B)、小麦秸秆(W)、黑麦草秸秆(R)和蚕豆秸秆(BB),并以空白处理作为对照(CK)。结果表明:与CK相比,有机物料施用显著增加土壤不同形态碳氮含量及酶活性,随培养时间的延长,有机碳及全氮含量呈增加的趋势,增幅分别为25.4%～42.9%和35%～60%,易氧化有机碳和碱解氮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,最大值分别为2.80,43.26 mg/kg,水溶性有机碳、微生物量碳氮和酶活性则呈下降的趋势,最大值分别为346 mg/kg,293μg/g和23.08μg/g。有机物料施用会增加土壤酶活性提高土壤呼吸速率,通过对3个取样期7种水解酶的分析发现,酶活性表现为:LAPPHOSNAGBGCBAGXYL,即参与氮循环酶活性参与磷循环酶活性参与碳循环酶活性,绿肥秸秆主要增加氮循环酶活性,且以BB处理酶活性最高,菌菇渣主要增加碳循环酶活性,B处理酶活性高于S处理。有机物料施用会影响土壤酶活性,增加不同形态碳氮含量,但增幅因有机物料种类不同而有所差异,且碳氮组分对培养时间的响应不一。总体而言,小麦秸秆和蚕豆秸秆腐殖化系数最高,对不同组分碳氮含量增加效果最优。